What is the function of ATF4?
ATF4 has a key role in the regulation of autophagy in response to ER stress and is a direct link between endoplasmic stress response and autophagic machinery. The pseudokinase tribbles homolog 3 interacts with ATF4 to negatively regulate insulin exocytosis in human and mouse beta cells.
What does ATF4 stand for?
Activating transcription factor 4 (tax-responsive enhancer element B67), also known as ATF4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATF4 gene.
How is ATF4 regulated?
ATF4 expression is regulated transcriptionally and translationally by the PERK pathway, which involves the phosphorylation of eIF2α, and post-translationally by phosphorylation, which targets ATF4 for proteasomal degradation [5]. Previous studies have demonstrated that ATF4 is involved in oncogenic process.
How does ATF4 induce apoptosis?
ATF4 and TRAIL receptors mediate apoptosis upon glucose deprivation. It has been reported that ER stressors induce DR4 and DR5 through the transcription factor CHOP, which is itself a transcriptional target of ATF4 (24, 31).
What activates ATF4?
ATF4 expression is stimulated in response to amino acid deprivation via General Control Nonderepressible-2 (GCN2) and during ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) via protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK).
When did ATF4 come out?
Chrysler released the ATF+4 Material Standard (MS-9602) in 1998.
How does thapsigargin induce ER stress?
ER stress can be induced by treating cells with 0.1–1 µM of thapsigargin for 5 hours. Brefeldin A inhibits transport of proteins from the ER to the Golgi and induces retrograde protein transport from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum. This leads to the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER.
Where is ATF3?
Besides cancer cells, the tumor microenvironment consists of diverse cell types, including endothelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts. ATF3 is upregulated in the stromal compartment of several types of cancer, including colon, lung, and breast cancers (76).
What is equivalent to Mopar ATF4?
AMSOIL Multi-Vehicle ATF is a qualified replacement for ATF+4.
What is chop in apoptosis?
CHOP Functions During Apoptosis and Autophagy Recent studies have identified CHOP as a direct regulator of numerous genes involved in the pro-survival autophagic process (99, 100). CHOP has been implicated in autophagy induced by amino acid starvation, ER stress, and infection with microorganisms (101, 102).
What is another name for thapsigargin?
Thapsigargin
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name (3S,3aR,4S,6S,6aR,7S,8S,9bS)-3,3a-Dihydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a,7,8,9b-decahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4,6,7,8-tetrayl 6-acetate 4-butanoate 8-[(2Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate] 7-octanoate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 67526-95-8 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | Interactive image |
Which plant contains thapsigargin?
plant Thapsia garganica L.
The sesquiterpene lactone thapsigargin is found in the plant Thapsia garganica L., and is one of the major constituents of the roots and fruits of this Mediterranean species.
What activates ATF3?
for example, found that ATF3 is induced by proinflammatory cytokines, glucose, and palmitate in ß cells (25). ATF3 induction is partially mediated by the NF-κB and JNK/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signaling pathways, which are two stress-induced pathways involved in diabetes.
What is Batf3?
Basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) is a member of the AP-1 transcription factor family. Batf3 binds to DNA along with c-Jun and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), thereby competing with c-Fos to form a heterodimer with c-Jun.
Whats the difference between ATF and atf4?
ATF +4 is a synthetic fluid for finely-tuned transmissions, so if you use a non-synthetic ATF instead of ATF +4 in a car or truck that calls for it, you could damage the transmission. You may use ATF +4 in most applications that call for older Dexron and Mercon fluids.
What is atf4 fluid?
Valvoline ATF+4 is a full-synthetic transmission fluid specifically engineered to protect and prolong the life of (FCA) Fiat Chrysler automatic transmissions. It is officially licensed and approved by FCA and is fully back-serviceable and can be used wherever ATF+3, ATF+2 or ATF+ is specified.
What diseases are caused by the endoplasmic reticulum?
There is accumulating evidence implicating prolonged ER stress in the development and progression of many diseases, including neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, liver disease, and cancer.
What is the ATF4 gene?
Activating transcription factor 4 (tax-responsive enhancer element B67), also known as ATF4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATF4 gene. This gene encodes a transcription factor that was originally identified as a widely expressed mammalian DNA binding protein that could bind a tax-responsive enhancer element in the LTR of HTLV-1.
Does C/EBP homology protein interact with ATF4?
Su, N. & Kilberg, M. S. C/EBP homology protein (CHOP) interacts with activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and negatively regulates the stress-dependent induction of the asparagine synthetase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 35106–35117 (2008). 84.
How does ATF4 activate osteocalcin?
Molecularly, ATF4 was identified as the factor binding to the osteoblast-specific element OSE-1 in the Osteocalcin promoter, thereby directly activating the transcription of this gene.
Is ATF4 an oxidative stress inhibitor?
Lange, P. S. et al. ATF4 is an oxidative stress-inducible, prodeath transcription factor in neurons in vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 205, 1227–1242 (2008). Wang, C. et al. ATF4 deficiency protects hepatocytes from oxidative stress via inhibiting CYP2E1 expression.