How is ocular hypertelorism measured?
Hypertelorism may be assessed by measuring the distance between the lateral orbital walls or the medial orbital walls. The interocular distance/diameter (IOD) and the biocular diameter (BOD) are both typically increased with hypertelorism.
What is hypertelorism associated with?
Hypertelorism is associated with underlying craniosynostosis syndromes, median facial clefting, and some other genetic syndromes. Evaluation of hypertelorism includes precise measurement and a complete dysmorphology exam.
What is ocular hypertelorism?
In orbital hypertelorism, the eye sockets fail to rotate into their normal position, resulting in wide-set eyes with extra bone between the eyes.
Is hypertelorism congenital?
Embryology. Because hypertelorism is an anatomic condition associated with a heterogeneous group of congenital disorders, it is believed that the underlying mechanism of hypertelorism is also heterogeneous.
What is the most common cause of hypertelorism?
In this retrospective analysis of 90 patients with hypertelorism, the most common cause was frontonasal malformation (n = 30), a heterogeneous category of nonfamilial disorders including a newly described subgroup, rugose frontonasal malformation.
What is the difference between telecanthus and hypertelorism?
Telecanthus refers to an abnormally increased distance between the medial canthi and differs from orbital hypertelorism, which refers instead to an increased interpupillary distance or bony interorbital distance (dacryon to dacryon).
Is hypertelorism a malformation?
Hypotelorism (narrowing of the intraorbital distance) may be associated with central nervous system malformation. Ocular hypertelorism is a term indicating increased separation between the bony orbits, usually greater than two standard deviations above the mean.
What does telecanthus mean?
How is Telecanthus diagnosed?
Traumatic telecanthus refers to telcanthus resulting from traumatic injury to the nasal-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) complex. The diagnosis of traumatic telecanthus requires a measurement in excess of those normative values. The pathology can be either unilateral or bilateral, with the former more difficult to measure.
Is it possible to diagnose hypertelorism radiographically?
More recently, it has been recommended that the diagnosis of hypertelorism be made radiographically by interorbital measurements. The difficulty with using intercanthal distance to define hypertelorism is that soft tissue changes of the face can increase the inter-canthal distance without affecting the interorbital distance ( Trout et al., 1994 ).
How do you measure hypertelorism in ultrasound?
Antenatal ultrasound Hypertelorism may be assessed by measuring the distance between the lateral orbital walls or the medial orbital walls. The interocular distance/diameter (IOD) and the biocular diameter (BOD) are both typically increased with hypertelorism.
What is the difference between telecanthus and orbital hypertelorism?
Hypertelorism should not be confused with telecanthus, in which the distance between the pupils is normal but the medial canthi are widely spaced. Orbital hypertelorism is a true lateralization of the orbit where the inner canthal distance (ICD), the outer canthal distance (OCD) and interpupillary distance (IPD) are all increased (figure 1).
How do you assess hypertelorism?
Hypertelorism may be assessed by measuring the distance between the lateral orbital walls or the medial orbital walls. The interocular distance/diameter (IOD) and the biocular diameter (BOD)are both typically increased with hypertelorism.