What do you monitor with hyponatremia?
Seek emergency care for anyone who develops severe signs and symptoms of hyponatremia, such as nausea and vomiting, confusion, seizures, or lost consciousness. Call your doctor if you know you are at risk of hyponatremia and are experiencing nausea, headaches, cramping or weakness.
How is Dilutional hyponatremia diagnosed?
Dilutional hyponatremia
- Blood urea, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphate.
- Plasma and urine osmolality.
- Blood glucose, which may be raised in cases of hyponatremia.
- Thyroid function tests.
- Urine sodium level.
- Cardiac investigations may be performed to check for heart failure.
How is hypervolemic hyponatremia diagnosed?
A trial of volume expansion with isotonic saline can be used to diagnose hypovolemic hyponatremia. Although a rise in SNa in response to isotonic saline would be consistent with hypovolemic hyponatremia, another possibility would be that the stimulus for vasopressin release in a patient with SIAD abated.
How do you diagnose hyponatremia?
How is hyponatremia diagnosed? The only way your doctor can know that hyponatremia is present is with blood tests that measure the amount of sodium (Na+) in the bloodstream. Your doctor will also perform a physical examination to detect the severity and cause(s) of hyponatremia.
What causes hypervolemic hyponatremia?
The three main causes of hypervolemic hyponatremia are congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and renal diseases such as renal failure and nephrotic syndrome. These disorders usually are obvious from the clinical history and physical examination alone.
What are the etiologies of retinal hemorrhages?
In patients who have retinal hemorrhages and no reported systemic history, a targeted medical workup is necessary to identify the causative etiology and make the proper referral for therapy. The two most common etiologies of retinal hemorrhage seen in clinical practice are hypertension and diabetes. 1
What are subretinal and sub-RPE hemorrhages of the retina?
Because subretinal and sub-RPE hemorrhages are situated deep in the retina, they exhibit a dark coloration with the retinal vessels clearly visible above.
How is retinal hemorrhage diagnosed?
How is retinal hemorrhage diagnosed? 1 Blood tests may show information about your overall health. 2 Vision tests may be done to check how well you see straight ahead, off to the sides,… 3 Fluorescein angiography may be used to take a picture of the inside of your eye. 4 Ultrasound may be used to show the bleeding inside your eye.
Which imaging studies are used in the workup of hyponatremia?
Imaging Studies. Head computed tomography (CT) scanning and chest radiography can be used to assess for an underlying etiology in select patients with suspected SIADH or cerebral salt wasting. Hoorn EJ, Zietse R. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyponatremia: Compilation of the Guidelines.