What forms the periodontal ligament?
The periodontal ligament is a unique specialised connective tissue between the cementum covering the tooth root and the alveolar bone. It is derived from the dental follicle region, which originates from the cranial neural crest cells [1]. The ligament has an array of oriented fibres and is vascular.
What is periodontium ligament?
The periodontal ligament is a soft connective tissue embedded between the cementum and the inner wall of the alveolar bone socket to help support teeth. The periodontal ligament harbors a small population of stem cells that are responsible for maintaining and repairing periodontal ligament tissues and function.
What is the difference between periodontium and periodontal ligament?
Periodontium, the supporting structure for the teeth, consists of periodontal ligament, cementum, gingiva, and alveolar bone. The periodontal ligament connects the cementum of each tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone in both the maxilla and mandible in humans.
What causes widened periodontal ligament?
According to Auluck,5 widening of the PDL space is due to the involvement of the masticatory muscle, which becomes bulky, leading to an increased occlusal load and primary trauma from occlusion. Mehra6 suggested that an increase in the collagen synthesis in scleroderma may be the possible cause of PDL space widening.
What is PDL made of?
Structure. The PDL consists of principal fibers, loose connective tissue, blast and clast cells, oxytalan fibers and Cell Rest of Malassez. The primary principal fiber group is the alveolodental ligament, which consists of five different fiber subgroups.
What is Transseptal ligament?
Transseptal fibers (H) extend over the alveolar bone crest and are embedded in the cementum of adjacent teeth where they form an interdental ligament. These fibers work to keep the teeth aligned. These fibers may be considered as belonging to the gingival tissue as they do not have an osseous attachment.
What is the periodontium and what is its function?
The periodontium functions include supporting the tooth, protecting it against oral microflora, and making the attachment of the tooth to the bone possible.
What is the purpose of periodontium?
What does widening of PDL indicate?
Up to 100% of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis show this sign.36,37 Widening of the PDL is an early sign of progressive systemic sclerosis, which might help dental practitioners establish timely diagnosis through appropriate laboratory tests.35 In patients taking bisphosphonates, PDL widening can be a good …
Does periodontal ligament need to be removed?
Periodontal Ligament When you bite down and chew, the PDL protects the tooth from shattering by compressing a fraction of a millimeter like a spring. It is standard of care for a traditional oral surgeon to assume that the periodontal ligament adheres to the tooth and is therefore always removed during an extraction.
How does PDL attach to cementum?
The PDL consists of highly organized fibers, which are perpendicularly inserted into the cementum-coated tooth root and adjoining the alveolar bone, where their ends (Sharpey’s fibers) insert into the mineralized tissues to stabilize the tooth root, transmit occlusal forces, and provide the sensory function.
Which embryonic tissue is PDL derived?
neuro-mesenchymal stem cells
Cementum, PDL and alveolar bone develop from the neuro-mesenchymal stem cells of the dental sac .
What are Sharpey’s fibres?
Sharpey’s fibres (bone fibres, or perforating fibres) are a matrix of connective tissue consisting of bundles of strong predominantly type I collagen fibres connecting periosteum to bone.
What is the difference between gingiva and periodontium?
The periodontium is a functional unit and consists of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The gingiva surrounds the tooth like a collar and is firmly attached to the alveolar bone and cervical portion of the tooth.
Where is periodontium located?
The periodontium is the specialized tissues that both surround and support the teeth, maintaining them in the maxillary and mandibular bones. The word comes from the Greek terms περί peri-, meaning “around” and -odont, meaning “tooth”. Literally taken, it means that which is “around the tooth”.
What other conditions can present with a widened PDL space?
Conditions associated with widening are varied and can include:
- trauma. occlusal trauma.
- periodontal disease. periodontitis.
- pulpal / periapical lesions.
- regional osteomyelitis.
- regional tumors / tumor infiltration (rare)
- connective tissue disease.
- radiation-related injury.
- medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.
What is cause hypercementosis?
Hypercementosis is excessive deposition of cementum on the tooth roots. In most cases, its cause is unknown. Occasionally, it appears on a supraerupted tooth after the loss of an opposing tooth. Another cause of hypercementosis is inflammation, usually resulting from rarefying or sclerosing osteitis.
What are the periodontal ligaments?
The periodontal ligaments are the dense soft connective tissue. Most of the periodontal ligament fibers are present between cementum and the bone lining the tooth socket. The periodontal ligaments (PDL) are derived from the dental follicular cells.
What cells are present in the periodontal ligament fiber bundles?
The cementum cells are the cementoblasts and the cementoclasts and bone cells that are present are osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Besides these cells, there are also defense cells that are present and those include mast cells, macrophages, and eosinophils. The periodontal ligament fiber bundles mainly comprise of type 1 and Type 3 collagen fibers.
Can periodontal ligament tissue be regenerated?
Periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue, central in the periodontium, plays crucial roles in sustaining tooth in the bone socket. Irreparable damages of this tissue provoke tooth loss, causing a decreased quality of life. The question arises as to how PDL tissue is maintained or how the lost PDL tissue can be regenerated.
How do nerves enter the periodontal ligament?
Nerve supply. Nerve bundles enter the periodontal ligament through numerous foramina in the alveolar bone. They branch and end in small rounded bodies near the cementum. The nerves carry pain, touch and pressure sensations and form an important part of the feedback mechanism of the masticatory apparatus.