What are virological techniques?
A few of the most commonly used methods include: • Virus neutralization (VN) • Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) • Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) • Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) • Complement fixation (CF) • Agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) • Agar-gel precipitin (AGP) • Latex agglutination (LA).
What are the four methods used in studying viruses?
These techniques are chemical/physical measures of virus quantification and they include serologic assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and hemagglutination assays (HA). Negative staining EM can also be used as a chemical/physical assay to detect and count virus particles.
What are the techniques for viral preservation?
In the past, various strategies have been developed for preservation of plant viruses, including freeze [7], freeze-drying [7,8,9,10], dehydration by physical drying [11] and chemicals [12], and in vitro culture [13, 14], among which freeze-drying was the most widely and reliable method.
What are the techniques that used for molecular diagnosis of viruses?
The use of amplification techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR or nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) [3] for virus detection, genotyping and quantification have some advantages like high sensitivity and reproducibility, as well as a broad dynamic range [4, 5].
What are the serological techniques used in detection and identification of virus?
Virus antigens are investigated by antigen detection assays. Serological diagnosis is based on either the demonstration of the presence of virus-specific IgM antibodies or a significant increase in the levels of specific IgG antibodies. Immunoassays are the most commonly used serological assays.
What are the main molecular testing techniques for viruses?
Target Amplification Techniques
- PCR Techniques. PCR allows the synthesis of million of copies of a targeted nucleic acid sequence.
- Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. RT-PCR was introduced to amplify RNA targets.
- Nested-PCR.
- Multiplex PCR.
- Real Time PCR.
- Transcription-Based Amplification Methods.
- Strand Displacement Amplification.
What is the most common method used to identify viruses?
PCR is one of the most widely used laboratory methods for detection of viral nucleic acids.
What is the most commonly used diagnostic technique in the virus laboratory?
Methods of antigen detection include fluorescent antibody (FA) staining, immunoperoxidase staining, and EIA. Of these, FA staining is the most widely used in diagnostic virology.
How do labs store viruses?
Preserving the viruses at low or ultra-low temperatures, and/or in the absence of water, slows down these destructive processes sufficiently to increase significantly the length of time that the virus can be stored as infectious material.
Why do we preserve viral samples?
Viruses are obligate pathogens that cannot be cultured without living in host. Plant viruses require special preservation methods to ensure long-term viability/infectivity of the sample and to maintain the original characteristics.
What are the different molecular testing techniques?
These technologies generally can be grouped into three approaches: polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybridization, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Currently, a lot of PCR and hybridization assays have been approved by FDA as in vitro diagnostics.
What are diagnostic techniques?
Listen to pronunciation. (DY-ug-NAH-stik tek-NEEK) A type of method or test used to help diagnose a disease or condition. Imaging tests and tests to measure blood pressure, pulse, and temperature are examples of diagnostic techniques.
What are serology techniques?
Serological methods are used for measuring the antibody response while the presence of virus can be demonstrated by cultivation or demonstration of specific antigens or gene sequences. For the latter, molecular diagnostic methods have become more and more widely applied.
What is serologic test and method?
What is a serological test? Serological tests work on blood samples rather than nasal swabs. These types of test for coronavirus are being developed by a number of labs around the world. The blood of someone who has been exposed should be full of antibodies against the virus.
What is a virological test?
Virological testing. HIV infection in infants is diagnosed by detecting the presence of viral nucleic acid (i.e. viral RNA or viral DNA) often called nucleic acid testing (NAT), or viral products such as p24 Ag.
What temperature are viruses stored at?
We recommend that viruses in wastewater be stored in the dark at 4 degrees C unless storage for >40 days is necessary.
What is virology laboratory?
The Laboratory of Virology (LV) conducts innovative scientific research on viral agents requiring high or maximum containment (biosafety level-2 to biosafety level-4). These agents include filoviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, and flaviviruses.
What are molecular techniques?
Molecular Biology Techniques include DNA cloning, cut and paste DNA, bacterial transformation , transfection, chromosome integration, cellular screening, cellular culture, extraction of DNA, DNA polymerase DNA dependent, reading and writing DNA, DNA sequencing, DNA synthesis, molecular hybridization, rewriting DNA: …
Is ELISA A molecular technique?
Molecular diagnostics such as Western blot, ELISA, PCR, DNA, and protein microarrays are revolutionizing the clinical practice of infectious diseases.
How can I use laboratory techniques in organic chemistry?
It can be used in conjunction with any lab experiments to provide the background information necessary for developing and mastering the skills required for organic chemistry lab work. Laboratory Techniques in Organic Chemistry offers a great deal of flexibility. It can be used in any organic laboratory with any glassware.
What is the purpose of the Organic Lab Manual?
The organic lab manual provides detailed and comprehensive material of general organic laboratory techniques and instrumentation. It contains information about most instruments, and provides detailed explanation of their use. Having pictures alongside the text is very helpful, and it could have been supplemented with links to videos if available.
What can I find in the Organic Lab Resources?
In this resource you will find theory and procedures on the main organic lab techniques (chromatography, crystallization, extraction, distillation) as well as general concepts on how to set up and heat apparatuses (see the Table of Contents tab for a more complete listing of topics).
What is included in the textbook on organic chemistry?
The textbook provided a comprehensive and in depth coverage of the both laboratory technique and instrumentation used in an introductory organic chemistry lab. The summaries at the end of each topic would be a wonderful quick reference and… read more