What causes a macular star?
Macular star formation is caused by the deposition of lipid exudates along the outer plexiform layer of the macula. Few disorders such as neuroretinitis, hypertensive retinopathy and papilloedema are associated with lipid deposits with this peculiar pattern.
What causes Neuroretinitis?
Neuroretinitis is inflammation of the retina and optic nerve of the eye. The condition can be caused by bacteria, viruses or autoimmune disease. It shares some features of optic neuritis. There is mostly central visual loss, which often recovers after some months, but often not completely.
What infections cause optic neuritis?
Infections. Bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, cat-scratch fever and syphilis, or viruses, such as measles, mumps and herpes, can cause optic neuritis. Other diseases. Diseases such as sarcoidosis, Behcet’s disease and lupus can cause recurrent optic neuritis.
What is the differential diagnosis for macular star exudation?
Differential diagnosis for macular star includes hypertensive retinopathy, papilledema, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, diabetic papillopathy, posterior vitreous traction, disc and juxtapapillary tumors, and toxic etiologies, including bis-chloroethyl,nitrosourea and procarbazine.
What is a macular star?
Optic disk edema with a macular star is a descriptive term encompassing a heterogeneous group of disorders. The clinical features include sudden visual loss, swelling of the optic disk, peripapillary and macular exudates that may occur in a star pattern, and cells in the vitreous.
Is Neuroretinitis unilateral or bilateral?
Neuroretinitis is usually unilateral, occasionally bilateral. It is an inflammatory disorder characterized by optic disk edema and formation of a macular star (Fig.
What is the difference between AION and NAION?
AAION causes a pallid edema that ultimately resolves leaving significant excavation and atrophy of the disc whereas NAION typically exhibits normal or hyperemic edema that resolves leaving relatively preserved disc substance.
What is the most common cause of optic nerve swelling?
The most common cause for ON is inflammatory demyelination of the optic nerve. Demyelination is a process in which the myelin is stripped off by disease. It is believed that ON is an autoimmune process, where for some unknown reason the immune system attacks tissues of the body causing injury.
What causes Stargardt’s disease?
Stargardt disease is usually caused by changes in a gene called ABCA4. This gene affects how your body uses vitamin A. The body uses vitamin A to make cells in the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye). Then the ABCA4 gene makes a protein to clean up the fatty material that’s left over.
What does it mean by morning glory?
Morning glory, as slang for the sort of erection that a man gets while still hitting the snooze button, is recorded in the 1980s. It also goes by morning wood and the alliterative breakfast boner.
What is the sand in your eyes?
“Sleep crust is a mix of mucus, exfoliated skin cells, oils, and tears produced or shed by the eye during sleep,” said Pettey. “It’s a natural part of healthy eye function. During the day, all of that stuff is washed away by blinking natural tears, which keep it from sticking around.
What causes a macular scar in the eye?
Most of the time, a macular pucker happens because of normal changes in your eye when you get older. As you age, your vitreous — the clear gel that fills your eye and gives it a round shape — shrinks and pulls away from your retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of the eye).
How can you tell the difference between AION and optic neuritis?
In addition with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, the optic nerve is always swollen; with optic neuritis most patients have retrobulbar optic neuritis, but about one-third can have swelling of the optic disc.
What causes fluid around the optic nerve?
Optic nerve swelling can happen when CSF builds up where your optic nerve and the central retinal vein travel between your brain and your eye nerve. This area is known as the subarachnoid space. When pressure pushes on the nerve and vein, blood and fluid can’t leave the eye at a normal rate, causing papilledema.
What is a Marcus Gunn pupil?
Marcus Gunn pupil (MGP) is the term given to an abnormal pupil showing aberrant pupillary response in certain ocular disorders. In literature, the term is often used synonymously with Marcus Gunn phenomenon or relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD). [1] After exposure to bright light, a normal pupil constricts.
What is cellulitis and what causes it?
Cellulitis: current insights into pathophysiology and clinical management Cellulitis is a bacterial skin and soft tissue infection which occurs when the physical skin barrier, the immune system and/or the circulatory system are impaired.
What is orbital cellulitis?
Orbital cellulitis is a dangerous infection of the fat and muscles around the eye. Somewhat related is the less serious periorbital cellulitis, which is an infection of the skin around the eye, including the eyelid. Both of these conditions should be treated as soon as possible.
What are the physical findings characteristic of cellulitis?
History and Physical Patients with cellulitis will reveal an affected skin area typically with a poorly demarcated area of erythema. The erythematous area is often warm to the touch with associated swelling and tenderness to palpation. The patient may present with constitutional symptoms of generalized malaise, fatigue, and fevers.
Can cellulitis affect the eyes?
Cellulitis is an infection that can affect the skin and/or the eyes. There are two types of cellulitis that affect the eyes: preseptal. orbital. Preseptal cellulitis only affects eyelid tissue.