How is Bcl-2 activated in apoptosis?
The BCL-2 family of proteins controls cell death primarily by direct binding interactions that regulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) leading to the irreversible release of intermembrane space proteins, subsequent caspase activation and apoptosis.
What do Bcl-2 family members control?
Bcl-2 family members are Ced-9 homologues. They control cell death by regulating the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Among them, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL inhibit cell death. In contrast, there are members (Bax, Bak, Bid, and Bad) that promote cell death.
Which are the pro apoptotic family members?
Conversely, pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins from the Bcl-2 family such as BNIP3,20,21 Bad,18 Noxa, Puma, BimEL22 and Bik23 can induce autophagy. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which Bcl-2 family members, well-characterized regulators of apoptosis, also regulate autophagy.
How is Bcl-2 activated?
Ceramide promotes Bcl2 dephosphorylation by activation of mitochondrial PP2A and by indirectly inhibiting PKC α.
Which are the pro-apoptotic family members?
Does p53 initiate apoptosis?
P53 induces apoptosis in nontransformed cells mostly by direct transcriptional activation of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins PUMA and (to a lesser extent) NOXA. Combined loss of the p53 effectors of apoptosis (PUMA plus NOXA) and cell cycle arrest/cell senescence (p21) does not cause spontaneous tumour development.
Does p21 cause apoptosis?
UVB exposure induced p21 downregulation in HaCaT keratinocytes and was associated with significantly increased apoptosis, decreased proliferation, and increased G2 phase arrest.
What is the end result of apoptosis?
HIV enzymes deactivate anti-apoptotic Bcl-2.
What are the various phases of apoptosis?
Apoptosis occurs in three different stages: early, mid, and late. Different stage-specific markers (left list) are activated/initiated at specific times within the apoptotic process and can be measured with associated assays (right list). Apoptosis is a reversible process up until the dotted line, which indicates the point of no return, where a cell reaching this point will always complete apoptosis.
Which molecule triggers apoptosis Quizlet?
Which molecule triggers apoptosis Quizlet? Mitochondria contain several proteins that are capable of inducing apoptosis; these proteins include cytochrome c and other proteins that neutralize endogenous inhibitors of apoptosis. Cytochrome C is sequestered in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria and Blc-2 is the regulatory factor that
What is apoptosis and why is it important Quizlet?
Growth