How is chemotherapy defined?
(KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Chemotherapy may be given by mouth, injection, or infusion, or on the skin, depending on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
Can you become resistant to chemotherapy?
Cancer drug resistance, also known as chemotherapy resistance, can happen when cancers that used to respond to a drug or therapy suddenly start to spread or grow again. If the cancer cells begin to resist the chemotherapy drugs and their effects, your doctor will change your treatment plan and the drugs you’re taking.
What does refractory disease mean?
Listen to pronunciation. (reh-FRAK-tor-ee) In medicine, describes a disease or condition that does not respond to treatment.
What causes Chemoresistance?
According to our knowledge, the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance include transporter pumps, oncogenes, tumor suppressor gene, mitochondrial alteration, DNA repair, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stemness, and exosome [1, 2].
What is therapeutic resistance?
Definition. Cancer therapeutic resistance occurs as cancers develop resistance to treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapies, through many different mechanisms. These include specific genetic and epigenetic changes in the cancer cell and/or the microenvironment in which the cancer cell resides …
What are the mechanisms of chemotherapy drugs?
Mechanisms: many chemotherapy drug resistance mechanisms include: efflux, inactivation of drug, alteration of drug targets, and cell death inhibition. A particular efflux pathway involves the tumor producing a substance known as p-glycoprotein, which essentially removes the drug from the tumor cell.
Why is it called chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy: 1. In the original sense, a chemical that binds to and specifically kills microbes or tumor cells. The term chemotherapy was coined in this regard by Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915).
What is chemotherapy with example?
Medicines that are made from natural products. This group of drugs can block a cell’s ability to divide and become two cells, and to repair damage to cells. Examples are Vincristine, Paclitaxel, and Topotecan.
What is cisplatin resistance?
One of the most prominent characteristics of cellular resistance to cisplatin is the reduced accumulation of the compound. As a consequence of reduced uptake or retention, the formation of platinum-DNA adducts is correspondingly decreased, reducing cytotoxicity, resulting in more resistance to the platinum compound.
What is intrinsic resistance?
Intrinsic resistance is defined as resistance of all or almost all isolates of one species to a certain drug—e.g., the resistance of Candida krusei to fluconazole. From: Anticandidal Agents, 2017.
What is chemo refractory?
Chemorefractory is a term that is used to describe a cancer that does not respond to chemotherapy (chemo) medications. Cancer can be refractory to chemotherapy right away or it may become refractory during treatment.
How does a cell become drug resistant?
Cancer cells will become resistant to drugs by the mechanisms such as the inactivation of the drug, multi-drug resistance, cell death inhibition (apoptosis suppression), altering in the drug metabolism, epigenetic changing, changes in the drug targets, enhances DNA-repair and target gene amplification.
What is process resistance?
Process Control The characteristic of a resistance element is the ability to transfer material or energy. Flow through a pipe is the most common example of a resistance-type process. A strictly resistance-type process has a proportional only response.
What is resistance and transference?
in psychoanalysis, a form of resistance to the disclosure of unconscious material, in which the patient maintains silence or attempts to act out feelings of love or hate transferred from past relationships to the analyst.
What is the full form of chemo?
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
What is chemotherapy PDF?
Chemotherapy is a type of treatment for cancer. It uses special drugs to kill cancer cells in the body. Some types of cancer can be treated with just chemotherapy. Sometimes chemotherapy is used with other treatments like radiotherapy and surgery.
What causes resistance in cisplatin?
Inside the tumor cell, decreased drug import, increased drug export, increased drug inactivation by detoxification enzymes, increased DNA damage repair, and inactivated cell death signaling are major mechanisms leading to cisplatin resistance.
What is chemotherapeutic resistance?
Abstract Cancer chemotherapy resistance (MDR) is the innate and/or acquired ability of cancer cells to evade the effects of chemotherapeutics and is one of the most pressing major dilemmas in cancer therapy. Chemotherapy resistance can arise due to several host or tumor-related factors.
Why do chemotherapies fail?
Drug resistance is the principal reason for the failure of chemotherapy. Some tumors (like adenocarcinoma) are highly resistant to virtually all anti-cancer drugs, while other tumors are quite sensitive. Most patient tumors fall in between these two extremes, with resistance to some drugs but not to others.
Does the absence of oxygen affect the activity of chemotherapy?
Therefore, the absence of oxygen will diminish the activity of these drugs. Hypoxia does not only confer resistance to chemotherapy [189–192] but also to radiation [27]. Hypoxia induces genes expression that code for ABC-transporters [193] and so favors the developing of resistance of some of the anticancer drugs e.g. 5–fluorouracil [194].
Does hypoxia cause resistance to chemotherapy?
Hypoxia does not only confer resistance to chemotherapy [189–192] but also to radiation [27]. Hypoxia induces genes expression that code for ABC-transporters [193] and so favors the developing of resistance of some of the anticancer drugs e.g. 5–fluorouracil [194].