What determines gene expression in bacteria?
Gene expression is controlled by the joint effect of (i) the global physiological state of the cell, in particular the activity of the gene expression machinery, and (ii) DNA-binding transcription factors and other specific regulators.
Why is growth rate of bacteria important?
The composition of the growth medium is a major factor controlling the growth rate. The growth rate increases up to a maximum when the medium provides a better energy source and more of the biosynthetic intermediates that the cell would otherwise have to make for itself.
What increases the gene expression rate?
Activators enhance the interaction between RNA polymerase and a particular promoter, encouraging the expression of the gene. Activators do this by increasing the attraction of RNA polymerase for the promoter, through interactions with subunits of the RNA polymerase or indirectly by changing the structure of the DNA.
What happens during bacterial gene expression?
Gene expression occurs in two essential steps: transcription and translation. In bacteria, the two processes are tightly coupled in time and space, and highly regulated. Tight regulation of gene expression is crucial.
How is gene expression regulated in bacteria?
Bacteria have specific regulatory molecules that control whether a particular gene will be transcribed into mRNA. Often, these molecules act by binding to DNA near the gene and helping or blocking the transcription enzyme, RNA polymerase.
What factors regulate the expression of certain genes?
The actions of most factors that regulate gene expression, including transcription factors, long non-coding RNAs, and others, are modulated by the underlying packaging of each eukaryotic gene into chromatin. The relative “openness” of chromatin controls the access of each of these factors to DNA.
What is bacterial growth and factors affect the bacterial growth?
Environmental factors influence rate of bacterial growth such as acidity (pH), temperature, water activity, macro and micro nutrients, oxygen levels, and toxins. Conditions tend to be relatively consistent between bacteria with the exception of extremophiles.
What is bacterial growth rate?
Generation times for bacteria vary from about 12 minutes to 24 hours or more. The generation time for E. coli in the laboratory is 15-20 minutes, but in the intestinal tract, the coliform’s generation time is estimated to be 12-24 hours.
How do operons increase the efficiency of gene expression in bacteria?
Bacterial genes are often found in operons. Genes in an operon are transcribed as a group and have a single promoter. Each operon contains regulatory DNA sequences, which act as binding sites for regulatory proteins that promote or inhibit transcription.
Why is it important for a bacterial cell to regulate genes?
In bacteria, gene regulation greatly enhances the efficiency of cell growth. It takes a lot of energy to transcribe and translate genes. Therefore, a cell is much more efficient and better at competing in its environment if it expresses a gene only when the gene product is needed.
How is gene expression regulated in prokaryotes?
The regulation of gene expression in prokaryotic cells occurs at the transcriptional level. There are two majors kinds of proteins that control prokaryotic transcription: repressors and activators. Repressors bind to an operator region to block the action of RNA polymerase.
Why is gene regulation important for bacterial cells?
1) Why is gene regulation important for bacterial cells? Gene regulation allows for biochemical and internal flexibility while maintaining energy efficiency by the bacterial cells.
What factors affect bacterial growth rate?
The following are some of the most important factors that influence bacterial growth:
- Nutrition concentration.
- Temperature.
- Gaseous concentration.
- pH.
- Ions and salt concentration.
- Available water.
What are the 6 factors that affect the growth of bacteria?
Microbial growth is affected by the following six factors: Food, Acidity, Time, Temperature, Oxygen and Moisture, also known as FAT TOM.
What are the factors affecting bacterial growth?
Warmth, moisture, pH levels and oxygen levels are the four big physical and chemical factors affecting microbial growth.
What causes bacteria to grow faster?
Bacteria can live in hotter and colder temperatures than humans, but they do best in a warm, moist, protein-rich environment that is pH neutral or slightly acidic.
How is the expression of genes regulated or controlled?
Specifically, gene expression is controlled on two levels. First, transcription is controlled by limiting the amount of mRNA that is produced from a particular gene. The second level of control is through post-transcriptional events that regulate the translation of mRNA into proteins.
What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene regulation?
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Gene Expression
| Differences in the Regulation of Gene Expression of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Organisms | |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotic organisms | Eukaryotic organisms |
| Lack a membrane-bound nucleus | Contain nucleus |
| DNA is found in the cytoplasm | DNA is confined to the nuclear compartment |
What are the factors affecting growth and development?
Factors Affecting The Growth And Development Of Children
- Heredity :
- Environment :
- Gender :
- Hormones :
- Exercise :
- Nutrition :