What is epidemiology of fascioliasis?
Fascioliasis occurs in many areas of the world and usually is caused by F. hepatica, which is a common liver fluke of sheep and cattle. In general, fascioliasis is more common and widespread in animals than in people. Even so, the number of infected people in the world is thought to exceed two million.
What is the main pathology of fascioliasis?
Parasites – Fascioliasis (Fasciola Infection) The young worms move through the intestinal wall, the abdominal cavity, and the liver tissue, into the bile ducts, where they develop into mature adult flukes that produce eggs. The pathology typically is most pronounced in the bile ducts and liver.
What parasite causes fascioliasis?
What is fasciolopsiasis? Fasciolopsiasis is caused by infection with the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski.
How is fascioliasis diagnosed?
The standard way to be sure a person is infected with Fasciola is by seeing the parasite. This is usually done by finding Fasciola eggs in stool (fecal) specimens examined under a microscope. More than one specimen may need to be examined to find the parasite.
How can fascioliasis be prevented?
How can Fasciola infection be prevented? People can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. As always, travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated.
What are the symptoms of fascioliasis?
Early (acute) symptoms of fascioliasis may include fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, a swollen liver, liver function abnormalities, skin rashes, shortness of breath and abdominal pain or tenderness.
What is the intermediate host of Fasciola?
snail
The snail intermediate hosts for Fasciola spp. are in the family Lymnaeidae, particularly species in the genera Lymnaea, Galba, Fossaria, and Pseudosuccinea. At least 20 snail species have been identified as intermediate hosts for one or more Fasciola spp.
What is the infective stage of Fasciola hepatica?
The adult flukes reside in the large biliary ducts of the mammalian host. By this life cycle, it is known that the infective stage of Fasciola hepatica is metacercaria.
How do you get fascioliasis?
Fascioliasis is infection with the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, which is acquired by eating contaminated watercress or other water plants. Clinical manifestations include abdominal pain and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis is by serology or detection of eggs in stool, duodenal aspirates, or bile specimens.
What organism causes a Fasciola infection?
Fascioliasis is caused by two species of parasitic flatworms or trematodes that mainly affect the liver. The two species of trematodes that cause fascioliasis (Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica) are leaf-shaped worms, large enough to be visible to the naked eye (adult F.
What is malaria epidemiology?
Malaria occurs primarily in tropical and some subtropical regions of Africa, Central and South America, Asia, and Oceania. There is tremendous geographic variation in intensity of transmission and risk of infection. Human malaria is caused by one or more parasites: Plasmodium falciparum, P.
What happens fascioliasis?
Fascioliasis is an infectious disease caused by Fasciola parasites, which are flat worms referred to as liver flukes. The adult (mature) flukes are found in the bile ducts and liver of infected people and animals, such as sheep and cattle.
What is the life cycle of fascioliasis?
Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica. Immature Fasciola eggs are discharged in the biliary ducts and in the stool (1). Eggs become embryonated in water (2), eggs release miracidia (3), which invade a suitable snail intermediate host (4), including the genera Galba, Fossaria and Pseudosuccinea.
What are characteristics of Fasciola?
Adults of Fasciola hepatica are large and broadly-flattened, measuring up to 30 mm long and 15 mm wide. The anterior end is cone-shaped, unlike the rounded anterior end of Fasciolopsis buski. Adults reside in the bile ducts of the liver in the definitive host.
What are the epidemiological determinants of malaria?
Eight principal determinants have been identified to date: level of endemicity; parasite species; mosquito vectors; characteristics of the human population; social, behavioral, and economic considerations; health infrastructure; availability and effectiveness of antimalarial drugs; and the influence of development …
Which are part of the epidemiologic triad in the case of malaria?
The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. In this model, disease results from the interaction between the agent and the susceptible host in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from a source to that host.