What is plasmalogen composed of?
Plasmalogens are naturally occurring phospholipids containing sn-1-Z-1′-O-alkenyl chains of varying lengths and degrees of unsaturation that comprise as much as 18% of the total phospholipid mass in humans.
What is an example of plasmalogen?
Plasmalogens are a subclass of phospholipids, mainly found in the cell membranes. Ethanolamine plasmalogens (PlsEtns) are the predominant phospholipids in the brain, kidney, lungs and skeletal muscle [1].
What is plasmalogen in biochemistry?
Plasmalogens are a unique family of cell membrane glycerophospholipids that contain a vinyl-ether bond. A glycerophospholipid is built by the body through the attachment of fatty acids to a three-carbon glycerol backbone.
What is the use of plasmalogens?
More importantly, plasmalogens play a crucial role in the cell as an endogenous antioxidant that protects the cell membrane components such as phospholipids, unsaturated fatty acids, and lipoproteins from oxidative stress.
What kind of lipid is plasmalogen?
phospholipids
The plasmalogens are a class of glycerophospholipids which contain a vinyl-ether and an ester bond at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively, in the glycerol backbone. They constitute 10 mol% of the total mass of phospholipids in humans, mainly as membrane structure components.
Where can I get a plasmalogen?
In the 2016 study, the highest level of plasmalogens was found in ascidians (also called sea squirts), mussels, and scallops. 9 There are also significant levels of plasmalogens in pork and beef. Plasmalogens are a group of lipids that can vary in the fatty acids and the headgroups that are components of lipids.
Where is plasmalogen located?
the cell membrane
The plasmalogens are located in the cell membrane, organelles and lipid rafts and may represent (at least in selected cases) major constituents of membrane lipids; their presence is responsible for characteristic biophysical properties.
Where are plasmalogens synthesized?
peroxisomes
Synthesis of ethanolamine (Etn)-containing alkenyl ether phospholipids (plasmalogens) is initiated in peroxisomes and completed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through seven-step reactions1.
Does fish oil contain plasmalogens?
Dietary supplements of fish oil ethyl esters reduced the arachidonate-containing species of ethanolamine plasmalogens whereas molecular species having 20:5(n-3), 22:6(n-3), and/or 22:5(n-3) acyl groups were increased in the spleen, lung, and kidneys, but not brain.
How is plasmalogen synthesis?
The initial two steps of plasmalogen synthesis are catalyzed by peroxisomal matrix enzymes, dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase (Dhapat) and alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (Agps), in which 1-alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) is generated by replacing the acyl chain of 1-acyl-DHAP with a long chain fatty …
Do scallops contain plasmalogen?
Plasmalogens and plasmalogen precursors are found in high levels in marine animals including krill, mussels, sea squirt, and scallops as well as in land animals such as pork, beef, and chicken.
How is plasmalogen synthesized?
Is plasmalogen involved in blood clotting?
It is concluded, how- ever, that plasmalogens do not play an essential role in blood coagulation, but may merely augment it. Plasmalogen in human blood platelets was measured by two independent, stoichiometric analytical methods.
What foods contain Plasmalogens?
How do plasmalogens differ from fats?
Fats and plasmalogens are both esters of a glycerol molecule that has carboxylic acid ester groups at C2 and C3. The third group bonded to glycerol, however, differs with the type of lipid: a fat has a carboxylic acid at C1 and a plasmalogen has a vinyl ether in that location.
What foods contain plasmalogens?
Which foods contain plasmalogens?
How do I get more plasmalogens?
In one study, the highest levels of plasmalogens were found in ascidians, also called sea squirts, mussels, and scallops. There are also significant levels in pork and beef. Supplements available are derived from scallops and at similar concentrations as provided to the individuals in the study described above.
What is the chemical formula for ethanolamine?
Formula and structure: The chemical formula of ethanolamine is H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH or NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH. Its molecular formula is C 2 H 7 NO and its molar mass is 61.08308 g mol -1. Ethanolamine is a base formed by an amine and a hydroxyl group. The ethanolamine structure is formed by a primary amine (-NH 2) and a primary alcohol (-OH).
How do you make plasmenylcholine from ethanolamine?
Plasmenylcholine is formed from 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol by choline phosphotransferase. As there is no plasmenylcholine desaturase choline plasmalogens can be formed only after hydrolysis of ethanolamine plasmalogens to 1-O- (1Z-alkenyl)-2-acyl-sn-glycerol that can be modified by choline phosphotransferase and CDP choline.
What is the standard state of ethanolamine in KPA?
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).?) 7NO. The molecule is bifunctional, containing both a primary amine and a primary alcohol. Ethanolamine is a colorless, viscous liquid with an odor reminiscent of ammonia.
What is the function of ethanolamine in biology?
Ethanolamine is a viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorometric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases.