What toxin does Streptococcus produce?
The exotoxins of group A streptococci include the erythrogenic toxins (pyrogenic exotoxins) and the cytolytic toxins (streptolysins S and O).
What is streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin?
Erythrogenic toxins, also referred to as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, are secreted by strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. SpeA and speC are superantigens, which induce inflammation by nonspecifically activating T cells and stimulating the production of inflammatory cytokines.
Which type of virulence factor is the streptococcal pyrogenic toxins?
This organism possesses several virulence factors to establish infection. One of these, the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB), is the predominant secreted cysteine protease of GAS.
How many types of toxins are produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?
Streptococcus pyogenes secretes two well-known hemolysins, streptolysin O and streptolysin S, which have effects on a variety of cell types.
What toxins are produced by Staphylococcus aureus?
Amongst the more common toxins secreted by S. aureus are hemolysin, leukotoxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, and toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1).
What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins?
Exotoxins are usually heat labile proteins secreted by certain species of bacteria which diffuse into the surrounding medium. Endotoxins are heat stable lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes which form structural components of cell wall of Gram Negative Bacteria and liberated only on cell lysis or death of bacteria.
What toxin causes scarlet fever?
It is caused by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs) types A, B, and C produced by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) found in secretions and discharge from the nose, ears, throat, and skin. Scarlet fever may follow streptococcal wound infections or burns, as well as upper respiratory tract infections.
What causes STSS?
Etiology. STSS is caused by S. pyogenes, which are also called group A Streptococcus (group A strep). When production of bacterial exotoxins and virulence factors occur in the deep tissues and bloodstream, this can lead to the induction of the cytokine cascade.
How do you get STSS?
Group A Strep Causes STSS Sometimes the bacteria get into the body through openings in the skin, like an injury or surgical wound. The bacteria can also get into the body through mucus membranes, like the skin inside the nose and throat.
What is a staph toxin?
Staph food poisoning is a gastrointestinal illness caused by eating foods contaminated with toxins produced by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) bacteria. About 25% of people and animals have Staph on their skin and in their nose.
What are pyrogens made of?
Pyrogens include endotoxins (toxins derived from gram-negative-bacteria) and non-endotoxic pyrogens (substances derived from microorganisms other than gram-negative-bacteria, or from chemical substances).
What type of toxin is endotoxin?
Endotoxins – Definition Discovered in the late 19th century, endotoxins are potentially toxic complex compounds commonly produced by Gram-negative bacteria. Also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), endotoxins are some of the most common pyrogens (substances with the potential to induce fever).
What is strawberry tongue?
Strawberry tongue is the name given to a swollen, bumpy tongue. Most often, the enlarged tongue is very red, like a strawberry or raspberry. Occasionally, the tongue will be white for a few days before turning red. Strawberry tongue isn’t itself a condition.
What is STSS?
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is a disease defined as an infection with Streptococcus pyogenes accompanied by sudden onset of shock, organ failure, and frequently death.
What happens if you leave tampon in too long?
The longer that a tampon sits in the body, the more likely it becomes for bacteria to produce toxins that can enter the bloodstream through the uterus or vaginal lining. When this happens, it can cause a rare, life threatening bacterial illness called toxic shock syndrome (TSS).
How do you prevent STSS?
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is a rare, but serious bacterial infection. STSS can develop very quickly into low blood pressure, multiple organ failure, and even death. Good wound care, hand hygiene, and cough etiquette are important for preventing this serious and often deadly disease.
What skin disease is caused by secreted toxins?
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is caused by toxins produced by certain strains (most commonly phage group 2 strains 55 and 71) of the bacterial germ Staphylococcus aureus.