What is a tolerogenic phenotype?
In contrast, tolerogenic DCs exploit several immunosuppressive mechanisms to induce tolerance (Figure 2). Tolerogenic DCs often display an immature or semi-mature phenotype that is characterized by low expression of co-stimulatory and MHC molecules and altered cytokine production.
What is a tolerogenic response?
Tolerogenic therapy aims to induce immune tolerance where there is pathological or undesirable activation of the normal immune response.
What are tolerogenic antigens?
Tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are attractive agents for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases that are mediated, at least in part, by antigen-specific autoreactive T cells.
How do tolerogenic dendritic cells induce regulatory T cells?
Tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) participate to the establishment of T cell tolerance by a variety of mechanisms, including the induction of anergy, deletion of antigen-reactive T cells, stimulation of suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) either by activation of existing Tregs or de novo differentiation of Tregs from Tns and …
What is tolerogenic cell death?
The tolerogenic effect of cell death depends on many factors, including the absence of T cell help, the location of the dying cells (which in part dictates their engulfment by distinct dendritic cell (DC) subtypes), the maturation state of the DC, the production of immunosuppressive factors (such as transforming growth …
Why is the liver tolerogenic?
The liver is a tolerogenic organ with exquisite mechanisms of immune regulation that ensure upkeep of local and systemic immune tolerance to self and foreign antigens, but that is also able to mount effective immune responses against pathogens.
What are tDC cells?
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) represent a promising tool for cellular therapy against autoimmune diseases, allergies, and transplantation rejection. Numerous pharmacological agents are known to induce tDC generation.
What’s the meaning of immunogenic?
Immunogenicity is defined as the ability of cells/tissues to provoke an immune response and is generally considered to be an undesirable physiological response.
What is immune cell death?
Main topics. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is defined by chronic exposure of damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the tumour microenvironment (TME), which stimulates the dysfunctional antitumour immune system. The induction of ICD contributes to long‐lasting protective antitumour immunity.
What are CD4+ cells?
CD4+ T cells are orchestrators, regulators and direct effectors of antiviral immunity. Neutralizing antibodies provide protection against many viral pathogens, and CD4+ T cells can help B cells to generate stronger and longer-lived antibody responses.
Do dendritic cells produce IL-2?
While not widely regarded as a significant provider of T-cell growth factors, DCs have previously been identified as a potential source of IL-2 cytokine. Recent research indicates that microbes are the most effective stimuli to trigger IL-2 production in DCs by activating the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway.
Why is the liver Immunotolerant?
A high level of exposure to these antigens endows the liver with a distinctive form of immune privilege. This so-called immunotolerance ensures that the liver does not mount a strong immune response against gastrointestinal tract-derived molecules and pathogens.
What are CD4+ and CD8+ cells?
CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes have different and complimentary roles: CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells directly kill cells presenting non-self epitopes while CD4+ (helper) T cells regulate the immune response to a particular antigen.
What is Tolerogenic dendritic cell?
Tolerogenic dendritic cell. Tolerogenic dendritic cells ( tol-DCs, tDCs, DCregs) are heterogenous pool of dendritic cells with immuno-suppressive properties, priming immune system into tolerogenic state against various antigens. These tolerogenic effects are mostly mediated through regulation of T cells such as inducing T cell anergy,…
Do dendritic cells induce antigen-specific unresponsiveness or tolerance?
Dendritic cells (DCs) have several functions in innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, there is increasing evidence that DCs in situ induce antigen-specific unresponsiveness or tolerance in central lymphoid organs and in the periphery.
What is the role of tolerogenic DCs?
Tolerogenic DCs are essential in maintenance of central and peripheral tolerance through induction of T cell clonal deletion, T cell anergy and generation and activation of regulatory T (Treg) cells.
What is the role of dendritic cells in immune response?
Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal regulators of the immune response, specialized in antigen presentation to drive T cell priming and differentiation. DCs also have a tolerogenic function, participating in the enforcement of central and peripheral tolerance and the resolution of ongoing immune responses.