What is the definitive management for Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis?
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a surgically managed disease that is treated with either nephrectomy or, in rare circumstances, partial nephrectomy. Antibiotics are used in all cases, but medical care rarely suffices for treatment.
Which type of pyelonephritis usually requires total or partial nephrectomy?
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare entity, and its management usually involves antibiotics and total nephrectomy and occasionally drainage of abscesses.
What is emphysematous pyelonephritis?
EMPHYSEMATOUS pyelonephritis (EPN) has been defined as a necrotizing infection of the renal parenchyma and its surrounding areas that results in the presence of gas in the renal parenchyma, collecting system, or perinephric tissue.
What is Xanthogranulomatous mastitis?
Xanthogranulomatous mastitis is an uncommon finding. It is typically found in adult females in the 2nd-7th decades. It is characterized by the presence of multi-nucleated giant cells, lipid-laden macrophages (also called xanthoma cells or foamy histiocytes) and cholesterol crystals.
Can you see pyelonephritis on CT scan without contrast?
Pyelonephritis is the most common alternative genitourinary diagnosis in patients imaged with a non-contrast CT for suspected renal calculi.
Can pyelonephritis be seen on CT scan?
A CT scan can be used to detect diffuse or complicated pyelonephritis and its suspected complications. It is used when the suspicion of pyelonephritis is accompanied by other differentials. CT scan is very sensitive and CT urography is sometimes used for imaging of the urinary tract.
How is emphysematous pyelonephritis diagnosed?
Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a radiological diagnosis made by CT scan, abdominal radiograph, or renal ultrasound. CT scan is considered the definitive modality because of its ability to fully characterize the extent and position of gas within the kidney and collecting system and identify any tissue destruction.
What causes emphysematous pyelonephritis?
The main bacteria causing emphysematous pyelonephritis are the classical germs of urinary tract infection. The most common is Escherichia coli. Other bacteria include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [4-7].
How is granulomatous mastitis diagnosed?
GM is diagnosed by histopathology only. The disease is characterized by formation of a non-necrotizing granuloma in combination with a localized infiltrate of multi-nucleated giant cells, epithelioid histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells (fig. 2).
What is the most common cause of staghorn renal calculi?
Staghorn calculi are most frequently composed of mixtures of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium carbonate apatite; they are strongly associated with UTIs caused by organisms that produce the enzyme urease, which promotes the generation of ammonia and hydroxide from urea.
What bacteria causes staghorn kidney stones?
What causes a staghorn calculus? Repeated urinary tract infections can cause staghorn stones, especially when the bacteria that cause the infections produce an enzyme called urease. One of these germs is Proteus mirabilis.
What test shows pyelonephritis?
A health care professional may use imaging tests, such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound, to help diagnose a kidney infection. A technician performs these tests in an outpatient center or a hospital.
What is the treatment of emphysematous pyelonephritis?
Nephrectomy is the treatment of choice in most patients with emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN). However, patients with EPN are extremely ill and need resuscitative measures in the intensive care unit. Surgical intervention should be performed only after stabilization of the cardiorespiratory status.
What does Xanthogranulomatous mean?
The Xanthogranulomatous Process (XP), is a form of acute and chronic inflammation characterized by an exuberant clustering of foamy macrophages among other inflammatory cells.
What causes granulomatous mastitis?
The etiology of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is still obscure. Its treatment remains controversial. The cause may be the autoimmune process, infection, a chemical reaction associated with oral contraceptive pills, or even lactation.
What is xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis?
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare and aggressive form of chronic pyelonephritis that is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. It is often confused with renal cell carcinoma and renal tuberculosis due to similar signs and symptoms.
What is xanthogranuloma (XGP)?
The term “xantho” (Greek meaning yellow) is used in its name due to the infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages that appear yellow in the pathological section. XGP was first described by Schlagenhaufer in 1916 and was named xanthogranuloma by Osterlin in 1944.
What is the pathophysiology of X-linked glomerulonephritis (XGP)?
Pathologically, XGP is characterized by lipid-laden foamy macrophages, a hallmark if the disease, which is most likely as a result of a host defense deficit in its ability to eliminate infection intracellularly ( Deem et al., 2017 ). XGP is often associated with urinary obstruction, infection, nephrolithiasis, diabetes, and/or immunocompromise.
What is E coli pyelonephritis?
Accessed January 19th, 2022. Rare, severe, atypical form of chronic pyelonephritis due to infection ( E. coli, Proteus) or stones, but resembling renal cell carcinoma; correct preoperative diagnosis is unusual ( Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011;135:671, Arch Dis Child 1999;81:483 )